Everything about Sir John Gell 1st Baronet totally explained
Sir
John Gell, 1st Baronet (
22 June 1593 –
26 October 1671) was a
Parliamentarian politician and military figure in the
English Civil War.
The Gell family were important land-owners in the Wirksworth/Hopton area for over 500 years, and the article concludes with some other notable members of the family.
Background
He was born to Thomas Gell and Millicent Sacheverell in
Hopton Hall in
Derbyshire. His father owned a large estate in the Wirksworth area, largely based on extensive interest in the
lead industry, which included possession of the lead tithes in the mines of
Bakewell,
Hope and
Tideswell and smelting and mine owning in Wirksworth. His father died shortly before the birth of a second son in
1594 and his mother married John Curzon, of
Kedleston Hall, soon afterwards. Until his return to Hopton in
1620, Gell lived with his mother and stepfather at Kedleston. This proved significant to his later political career as he formed a close relationship with his stepbrother, John Curzon, who became an influential
Member of Parliament (MP). Gell was married in
1611, at the age of 15, to Elizabeth Willoughby, daughter of Sir
Percival Willoughby of
Wollaton Hall in
Nottinghamshire.
In
1624 Gell was appointed captain of foot in the trained bands, or
militia, in the hundreds (administrative areas) of
High Peak and
Scarsdale. During a decade or more as a militia captain Gell learned how the military was organised in Derbyshire. He became familiar with the
rank and file and their
officers and with the minutiae of training and command. This knowledge and expertise was soon to be put to use.
Politics
Gell's next public appointment was shared with his brother, Thomas, who was a well-connected
barrister in
London. This was the office of Receiver and Supervisor of the Honour of Tutbury, granted in
1632 successively, for life, to Thomas, and to John and his son, John Gell the younger. The Honour of Tutbury was the name given to the Derbyshire and
Staffordshire estates of the
Duchy of Lancaster, a royal possession, and Thomas was responsible for collecting Duchy rents and dues, including fees payable whenever a Duchy tenancy was transferred by sale or inheritance. Armed with a schedule of property on which inheritance fees were outstanding, Thomas Gell ordered that defaulters' property should be seized in lieu of unpaid Duchy rents. At a time when the king,
Charles I, was governing without a
Parliament, and was desperately short of money, the Gells' revenue raising earned them Royal favour. John Gell was rewarded by appointment to the post of
High Sheriff of Derbyshire for the year
1635.
Gell's year as High Sheriff was politically important because one of his duties was to raise the tax known as
Ship Money,levied for the first time in 1635. Ship Money had previously been levied on coastal towns and its extension to inland areas caused resentment which contributed toward the gathering estrangement between Charles I and Parliament. In Derbyshire Gell set about raising the tax with a thoroughness which made him many personal enemies, especially among those of his own class, who paid the highest rates. Gell was ruthless in using "distraint" - confiscation of assets - against non-payers, and succeeded in raising more for the king than subsequent sheriffs. Gell's record of service to the crown was rewarded by the grant of a
baronetcy in
1642.
First Civil War
The honour may have been designed to secure Gell's loyalty to the Crown in the conflict with Parliament which by then seemed inevitable. However Gell, a
Presbyterian, was opposed to the king's attempts to reform the church on High Church lines and to his political absolutism, and chose Parliament. He was commissioned as
Colonel to raise a regiment in Derbyshire and throughout the
First English Civil War, between 1642 and
1646, managed to maintain the county's allegiance to Parliament. Units of his regiment fought engagements in the neighbouring counties of Staffordshire and Nottinghamshire and took part in the siege of
Chester. Among the more important engagements in which the Derbshire troops were involved were the siege of
Lichfield and the
Battle of Hopton Heath, in which the
royalists suffered the loss of the
Earl of Northampton. Gell was appointed Governor of Derby in
1643.
Post Civil War
Gell had an irascible nature and a dictatorial way with both his regiment and his colleagues in the county administration which made enemies and provoked complaints to Parliament. He also became disaffected with the Parliamentary commanders in the
Northern and
East Midlands regions and was out of sympathy with the political direction taken by the regime which emerged after the king's surrender in 1646. A further cause of disillusionment for Gell was Parliament's reluctance to compensate him for losses he incurred in fighting the war. In 1646 his regiment was disbanded and he was relieved of all appointments; two years later he moved permanently to London, having previously transferred his estate to his son John.
In London he made contact with the king, asking pardon for his part in the war and making a gift of £300. In
1650 he was tried and found guilty of
misprision of treason, in other words of knowing of a royalist plot and not revealing it to the authorities. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and confiscation of his estates. The authorities were thwarted in their attempt to confiscate the Hopton estate since John Gell the younger was able to prove its transfer to himself. Gell was imprisoned in the
Tower of London but released in
1653 on grounds of ill health; he took no further part in politics during the
Commonwealth period. He was pardoned by
Charles II at the
Restoration in
1660 and given an appointment at the royal court.
Gell's wife Elizabeth had died in
1644 and in December
1647 Gell had remarried. His second wife was Mary Stanhope, widow of one of his Derbyshire enemies,
Sir John Stanhope of
Elvaston. Gell had harried Stanhope for payment of Ship Money and, according to another of his enemies, had defaced the Stanhope monument in Elvaston church and had wrecked Mary Stanhope's garden under a pretext of searching for arms. This unlikely alliance lasted less than a year and the couple separated in late
1648. Mary died in 1653. Gell died in 1671 and his body was carried in procession back to Wirksworth where he was buried in the church there.
Other notable Gells
Wirksworth Grammar School was founded (circa 1576) by Anthony Gell (d 1583). The modern comprehensive school is now called the Anthony Gell School.
Via Gellia - Philip Gell, of Hopton, (1723-1795), was the grandson of Katherine Gell, sister of the third and last baronet, Sir Philip, and her husband William Eyre. Their son John assumed the Gell name in 1730, after the death of Katherine's sister Temperance. Philip is credited with opening the road from Grangemill to
Cromford called
Via Gellia in the late 18th century. The road connected the family's extensive lead-mining interests around
Wirksworth with a new smelter in Cromford. (Some sources indicate its use by the Gells as early as 1720 to transport stone from the Hopton area).
The road, which winds scenically up a narrow wooded steep-sided 'dry valley', is now the eastern part of the
A5012.
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